Behaviorismus-Logo Kontrastivhypothese: Überblick

Grundlagen
  • basiert auf dem linguistischen Strukturalismus
  • im Rahmen behavioristischer Lerntheorien (→ stimulus - response / habit formation)
  • beruht auf Beobachtungen aus der Sprachvermittlung
  • Grundlage der Audiolingualen Methode (ALM): pattern drills im Sprachlabor
 

interference

… that one of the major problems in the learning of a second language is the interference caused by the structural differences between the native language of the learner and the second language. (Ferguson in Kufner 1962, V)

 

habit

In practical terms we understand that the use of a grammatical structure by a speaker depends heavily on habit. … The average speaker of a language has from early childhood reduced practically all the operation of his grammatical system to habit. His attention as he speaks is squarely on his stream of thought and on the reaction of his listeners, and only very slightly on some features of his grammatical constructions. We simply do not realize the strength and the complexitiy of the habit system we have acquired through all the years of daily use of our native language. (Lado (1957, 24f.) Linguistics Across Cultures)

 

transfer

We know from the observation of many cases that the grammatical structure of the native language tends to be transferred to the foreign language. The student tends to transfer the sentence forms, modification devices, the number, gender, and case patterns of his native language.
We know that this transfer occurs very subtly so that the learner is not even aware of it unless it is called to his attention in specific instances. And we know that even then he will underestimate the strength oh these transferred habits, when they operate in the native language.
… The point in bringing up this matter of distribution is that in transferring a native language structure the learner transfers its distribution as well as its form and meaning. (Lado (1957, 24f.) Linguistics Across Cultures)

 

similarity & difference

… we have here the major source of difficulty or ease in learning the structure of a foreign language. Those structures that are similar will be easy to learn because they will be transferred and may function satisfactorily in the foreign language. Those structures that are different will be difficult because when transferred they will not function satisfactorily in the foreign language and will therefore have to be changed. (Lado (1957, 24f.) Linguistics Across Cultures)

 

Definition der Kontrastivhypothese nach Bausch & Kasper 1979, 5:
Die Grundsprache des Lerners beeinflußt seinen Erwerb einer Zweitsprache in der Weise, daß in Grund- und Zweistprache identische Elemente und Regeln leicht und fehlerfrei zu erlernen sind, unterschiedliche Elemente und Regeln dagegen Lernschwierigkeiten bereiten und zu Fehlern führen.

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