Brown & Levinson 1987: FTA → H's neg.-'face'

Brwon & Levison: neg.-face

Intrinsic FTAs - Kinds of face threatened:

Those acts that primarily threaten the addressee's (H's) negative-face want, by indicating (potentially) that the speaker (S) does not intend to avoid impeding H's freedom of action, include:

 

(i)

Those acts that predicate some future act A of H, and in so doing put some pressure on H to do (or refrain from doing) the act A:

  1. orders and requests (S indicates that he wants H to do, or refrain from doing, some act A)
     
  2. suggestions, advice (S indicates that he thinks H ought to (perhaps) do some act A)
     
  3. remindings (S indicate that H should remember to do some A)
     
  4. threats, warnings, dares (S i.t. he - or someone, or something - will instigate sanctions against H unless he does A)

 

(ii)

Those acts that predicate some positive future act of S toward H, and in so doing put some pressure on H to accept or reject them, and possibly to incur a debt:

  1. offers (S indicates that he wants H to commit himself to whether or not he wants S to do some act for H, with H thereby incurring a possible debt)
     
  2. promises (S commits himself to a future act for H's benefit)

 

(iii)

Those acts that predicate some desire of S toward H or H's goods, giving H reason to think that he may have to take action to protect the object of S's desire, or give it to S:

  1. compliments, expressions of envy or admiration (S indicates that he likes or would like something of H's)
     
  2. expressions of strong (negative) emotions toward H - e.g. hatred, anger, lust (S indicates possible motivation for harming H or H's goods)

Literatur

Brown, Penelope & Levinson, Stephen (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge University Press; weitere Literatur