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Brown & Levinson 1987: politeness examples - bald on record
Grundlagen | 'face' | FTAs: neg.-H-face / pos.-H-face / S-face / strategies | strategy selection | Bsp: bald / pos. |
Urgency: cases of non-minimizing of the FTA | ||
1 | Help! (compare the non-urgent 'Please help me, if you would be so kind') | |
2 | Watch out! | |
3 | Your pants are on fire! | |
4 | Give me just one more week! (to pay the rent) | |
6 | Listen, I've got an idea. | |
7 | Hear me out: … | |
8 | Look, the point is this: … | |
… metaphorical urgency explains why orders and entreaties (or begging), which have invented assumptions about the relative status of S and H, both seem to occur in many languages with the same superficial syntax - namely, imperatives. | ||
12 | (Excuse/Forgive/Pardon) me. | |
13 | Accept my thanks. | |
15 | Send me postcard. | |
16 | Dont't forget us! | |
where S speaks as if imploring H to care for S, thereby stressing his high valuation of H's friendship. | ||
Another motivation for bald-on-record (non-redressed) FTAs is found in cases of channel noise, or where communication diffculties exert pressure to speak with maximum efficiency. … for example, when S is calling across a distance: | ||
17 | Come home right now! | |
18 | I need another 1000 £. (over a telephone with a bad connection) | |
… where the focus of interaction is task-oriented, face redress may be felt to be irrelevant: | ||
19 | Lend me a hand here. | |
20 | Give me the nails. | |
21 | That's wrong; the gap should be bigger. | |
… paradigmatic form of instructions and recipes: | ||
22 | Open other end. | |
23 | Add three cups of flour and stir vigorously. | |
… another set of cases … is small, either because S is powerful and does not fear retaliation or non-cooperation from H (→ telefonischer Übersetzungsauftrag): | ||
24 | Bring me wine, Jeeves. | |
25 | In future, you must add the soda áfter the whisky. | |
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Brown, Penelope & Levinson, Stephen (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge University Press |
W. Grießhaber 2003-2005 |